A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys.

Pubmed ID: 25819778

Pubmed Central ID: PMC7615120

Journal: The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology

Publication Date: May 1, 2015

MeSH Terms: Humans, Male, Adult, Female, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Factors, Middle Aged, Coronary Disease, Health Status Indicators, Risk Assessment, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Stroke, Calibration, Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular

Grants: R01 DK090435, 1R01-DK090435, 5 R24 HD050924, DK056350, R01-HD30880, R01-HD38700, R24 HD050924, 100693, 001, R01 HD038700, R01 HD030880, P30 DK056350, 101506

Authors: Woodward M, Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, Danaei G, Zhou B, Azizi F, Khalili D, Shaw JE, Ueda P, Ahmadvand A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Cifkova R, Di Cesare M, Eriksen L, Farzadfar F, Ikeda N, Khang YH, Lanska V, León-Muñoz L, Magliano D, Msyamboza KP, Oh K, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Stevens GA, Tolstrup J, Salomon JA

Cite As: Hajifathalian K, Ueda P, Lu Y, Woodward M, Ahmadvand A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Azizi F, Cifkova R, Di Cesare M, Eriksen L, Farzadfar F, Ikeda N, Khalili D, Khang YH, Lanska V, León-Muñoz L, Magliano D, Msyamboza KP, Oh K, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Shaw JE, Stevens GA, Tolstrup J, Zhou B, Salomon JA, Ezzati M, Danaei G. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 May;3(5):339-55. Epub 2015 Mar 26.

Studies:

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors based on disease risk depends on valid risk prediction equations. We aimed to develop, and apply in example countries, a risk prediction equation for cardiovascular disease (consisting here of coronary heart disease and stroke) that can be recalibrated and updated for application in different countries with routinely available information. METHODS: We used data from eight prospective cohort studies to estimate coefficients of the risk equation with proportional hazard regressions. The risk prediction equation included smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, and total cholesterol, and allowed the effects of sex and age on cardiovascular disease to vary between cohorts or countries. We developed risk equations for fatal cardiovascular disease and for fatal plus non-fatal cardiovascular disease. We validated the risk equations internally and also using data from three cohorts that were not used to create the equations. We then used the risk prediction equation and data from recent (2006 or later) national health surveys to estimate the proportion of the population at different levels of cardiovascular disease risk in 11 countries from different world regions (China, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Iran, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, and USA). FINDINGS: The risk score discriminated well in internal and external validations, with C statistics generally 70% or more. At any age and risk factor level, the estimated 10 year fatal cardiovascular disease risk varied substantially between countries. The prevalence of people at high risk of fatal cardiovascular disease was lowest in South Korea, Spain, and Denmark, where only 5-10% of men and women had more than a 10% risk, and 62-77% of men and 79-82% of women had less than a 3% risk. Conversely, the proportion of people at high risk of fatal cardiovascular disease was largest in China and Mexico. In China, 33% of men and 28% of women had a 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease of 10% or more, whereas in Mexico, the prevalence of this high risk was 16% for men and 11% for women. The prevalence of less than a 3% risk was 37% for men and 42% for women in China, and 55% for men and 69% for women in Mexico. INTERPRETATION: We developed a cardiovascular disease risk equation that can be recalibrated for application in different countries with routinely available information. The estimated percentage of people at high risk of fatal cardiovascular disease was higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust.