Abstract

BACKGROUND: Noncardiac comorbidities (NCCs) are common in patients with heart failure (HF), but how they jointly affect exercise capacity and functional status is relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the cumulative effects of NCC on exercise capacity and functional status in chronic HF. METHODS: Baseline NCC-status was assessed in HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training), IRONOUT-HF (Oral Iron Repletion Effects on Oxygen Uptake in Heart Failure), NEAT-HFpEF (Nitrate's Effect on Activity Tolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction), INDIE-HFpEF (Inorganic Nitrite Delivery to Improve Exercise Capacity in HFpEF), and RELAX-HFpEF (Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) trials, and relations with peak Vo₂ and 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), and all-cause death were determined according to HF type (with reduced vs preserved ejection fraction). Cluster analysis of the different NCCs was performed. RESULTS: A total of 2,777 patients were evaluated (mean age: 60 ± 13 years; median NCC burden in HF with preserved vs reduced ejection fraction: 3 [IQR: 2-4] vs 2 [IQR: 1-3]; P < 0.001). Obesity played a more important role in HF with preserved ejection fraction in limiting peak Vo₂ and 6MWT. There was a progressive decline in peak Vo₂, 6MWT, and KCCQ with increasing NCC burden. Cluster analysis revealed 3 NCC clusters: cluster 1: predominance of stroke and cancer; cluster 2: predominance of chronic kidney disease and peripheral vascular disease; and cluster 3: predominance of obesity and diabetes. Patients in cluster 3 had the worst peak Vo₂, 6MWT, and KCCQ despite having the lowest N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and exhibited diminished response to aerobic exercise training (peak Vo₂P_interaction = 0.045); however, it had similar risk for all-cause death as cluster 1, whereas cluster 2 had higher risk of death than cluster 1 (HR: 1.60 [95% CI: 1.25-2.04]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: NCC type and burden have a significant and cumulative effect on exercise capacity, occur in clusters, and are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic HF.