Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy.

Pubmed ID: 21958949

Pubmed Central ID: PMC3333485

Journal: The Lancet. Neurology

Publication Date: Nov. 1, 2011

Affiliation: Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. launerl@nia.nih.gov

MeSH Terms: Humans, Male, Female, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Blood Pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Blood Glucose, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognition, Organ Size, Brain, Hypoglycemic Agents, Fenofibrate, Glycated Hemoglobin

Grants: N01HC95184, N01-HC-95180, N01-HC-95184, N01HC95181, N01-HC-95182, N01HC95179, N01-HC-95183, N01-HC-95178, N01HC95182, N01HC95180, N01-HC-95179, N01-HC-95181, N01HC95178, N01HC95183, Z01 AG007420-01, AG-0002, R01 EB009234

Authors: Goff DC, Smith J, Fonseca V, Macdonald M, Brillon D, Ross P, Thomas A, Bertoni A, Brown A, Murray M, Hall C, Hall C, Yusuf S, Launer LJ, Launer LJ, Miller JL, Sood A, Williamson JD, Williamson JD, Coker L, Coker L, Crago L, Williamson J, Williamson J, Woolard N, Woolard N, Woolard N, Lovato L, Felton D, Davatzikos C, Davatzikos C, Desiderio L, Battapady H, Erus G, Smith A, Sunshine J, Clampitt M, Maldjian J, Maldjian J, Kaminsky S, Fuller D, Long L, Long L, Schnall A, Banerji MA, Banerji MA, Dulin M, Norton S, Gedon-Lipscomb G, Mayer S, Mayer S, Jones C, Robinson E, Johnson C, Hall S, Lopez-Jimenez C, Getaneh A, Fischer R, Ismail-Beigi F, Ismail-Beigi F, Ismail-Beigi F, Calles J, Cuddihy R, Genuth S, Grimm RH, Krikorian A, O'Connor P, Pop-Busui R, Taylor H, Taylor H, Hramiak I, Buse JB, Bigger JT, Gerstein HC, Gerstein HC, Gerstein HC, Ginsberg HN, Probstfield JL, Punthakee Z, Punthakee Z, Russo R, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Mackie P, Reiding V, Tadeson B, Thompson K, Vallis M, Kirpach BR, Bartkoske MM, Boyce CM, Druckman N, Gillett AM, Levin JA, Livingston GJ, Livingston GJ, Murray AM, Murray AM, Murray AM, Margolis KL, Margolis KL, Margolis KL, Lopez-Jimenez CR, Lopez-Jimenez CR, Bornholdt R, Busaca L, Gonzales P, Gosh D, Love P, Kosok A, Steinman R, Watson C, Reyes G, Thibonnier M, Vargo L, Kelly C, Bongorno T, Dolish A, Dolish A, Pavlik L, Pavlik L, Pavlik L, Tiktin M, Tiktin M, Isteitieh S, Isteitieh S, Isteitieh S, Bartlett A, Kulow T, Kulow T, Summerson JH, Blackwell CS, Blaine RL, Kirk JK, Spach RL, Katula J, Wishnietsky DB, Kingry C, Line AS, Corson MA, Knopp R, Lipkin E, Sullivan MD, Sullivan MD, Griswold C, Liebert K, Juliano D, Kurashige EM, Moberg S, Leader J, Capes S, Capes S, Valla T, Sigal R, Joyce C, Parsons M, Rowe B, Tereschyn S, Gehring M, Lochnan H, Maranger J, McLean M, Woo V, Berard L, Anderlic T, Bernard A, Mawani A, Abbott C, Ur E, Yuille M, McCarthy G, Murdock H, Palmer T, Kempainen S, Madden M, Hall K, Wood K, Bergenstal R, Davick B, List S, Whipple D, Ashanti C, Seaquist ER, Mech MV, Benedict LE, Demmon DJ, Kumar AF, Martinson SM, Miller SA, Pease C, Rao JP, Redmon JB, Swanson JE, Wimmer JK, Okorocha Y, Stiles M, Kodl C, Chadha C, Peterson KA, Seaquist LA, Boese C, Mendenhall TJ, Peterson AM, Rudelt A, Schrock TM, Sperl-Hillen JM, O'Connor PJ, Busch ME, Chung A, Klein BK, Krugen N, Bunkers-Lawson T, Ekstrom HL, Gunderson HS, Johnson BM, MacIndoe JH, Prewedo DJ, Rawl JL, Roethke CM, Quinlan M, Fox CR, Bate BM, Cao QT, Ohnstad MM, Meyers PJ, Sivitz WI, Wayson SM, Lower TA, Ochs KA, Wells D, Schubart UK, Russo J, Vincenty N, Alderman MH, Carroll L, Sanguily MJ, Mayer AC, Ramos L, Cordero J, Charles C, Chiong R, Hyams K, Bastien A, Grudzinski S, Niblack P, Abreu L, Brown K, Casale M, Dougherty D, Linneman D, Salvador MA, Zee P, Hyman D, Brautigam DF, Chiarot JM, Scharf DM, Nunn B, Flanders C, Goland R, Kringas P, Montes J, Ramirez J, Kranwinkel G, Donovan DS, Febres G, Hernandez C, Jonaitis MA, Norton M, Norton M, Patel P, Patel P, Hirsch S, Hirsch S, Moore L, Richardson L, Richardson L, Coles-Herman E, Yee K, Frankino J, Hustak L, Hustak L, Julius M, Julius M, Ross T, Schwing W, Sullivan MK, Strauss L, Behm K, Eskandari F, Hayes D, Horowitz K, Horowitz K, Horowitz K, Madhun Z, Seeholzer E, Shina J, Shina J, Sadler LS, Griffith M, Hornsby A, Klyn K, Ospelt E, DeSmit M, McCann P, Schmidt NP, Zaletal J, Schnall AM, Dragmen L, Ellert R, Leksan J, Sussman T, Kern E, Richmond MA, Roberts K, Suhan P, Watts S, Martin J, Strauss GJ, Akpunonu B, Franco-Saenz R, Gilmore J, Gilmore M, Bauer B, Roman J, Blust Z, Kahkonen DM, Cushman T, Roman M, Stys AM, White K, Austin M, Chatterton C, Francis JK, Kruger D, McLellan A, Whitehouse F, Higgins E, Levy S, Schoenherr A, Feinglos MN, Jones J, Atkinson HH, Stanfield J, Stanfield J, Stanfield J, Delvalle-Fagan T, Pedley CF, Mauney S, Duclos MD, Kirby RE, Goley A, Vukojicik K, Besterman W, Norton SM, Barringer T, Morris C, Peace R, Peace R, Stuart DO, Strickland J, Strickland J, Cummings L, Cummings L, Crouse JR, Ellis J, John-Kalarickal J, Leger SM, Bader K, Hepler J, Lovato J, Lovato J, Lovato LC, Miller ME, Marcovina S, Bryan RN, Bryan RN, Gutierrez H, Failor R, Ellsworth A, Jackson N, Force R, Pettingill K, Koester S, Kozlowski J, Gutierrez P, Engle M, Griffin S, McDaniel PA, Swift R, Gammell-Matthews SC, MacNeil B, Wysham C, Weeks D, Kuntsmann L, Dudl J, Lyons L, House B, Stevenson R, Wu P, Palma A, Dailey G, Jacobson M, Farro E, Bravo-Medina A, Kendall D, Linz P, Lazar RM, Lazar RM, Sullivan M, Horowitz KR, Ding J, Ding J, Lipkin EW, Hirsch J, Hirsch J, Hirsch J, Sunshine JL, Truwit C, Truwit C, Truwit C, Kramer R, Miller M, Andrews L, Carter C, Bilello M, Melhem E, Koka D, Parmpi E, Patterson A, Slane K, Brown T, Brown TR, Dashnaw SM, Cruz-Lobo J, Ibarrando K, Atabek D, Miranda J, Kumar I, Baker C, Brautigam E, Belle J, Vasquez E, Gordineer L, Surgener M, Munshi K, Barzilay J, Elay M, Johnson JM, Johnson JM, Ariani M, Capoccia K, Pepper P, Riddle M, DesRochers S, Philas-Tsimikas A, Giannella A, Cruz S, Juarez N, Dadkhah C

Cite As: Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Gerstein HC, Murray AM, Sullivan M, Horowitz KR, Ding J, Marcovina S, Lovato LC, Lovato J, Margolis KL, O'Connor P, Lipkin EW, Hirsch J, Coker L, Maldjian J, Sunshine JL, Truwit C, Davatzikos C, Bryan RN, ACCORD MIND investigators. Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol 2011 Nov;10(11):969-77. Epub 2011 Sep 28.

Studies:

Abstract

BACKGROUND: People with type 2 diabetes are at risk of cognitive impairment and brain atrophy. We aimed to compare the effects on cognitive function and brain volume of intensive versus standard glycaemic control. METHODS: The Memory in Diabetes (MIND) study was done in 52 clinical sites in North America as part of Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD), a double two-by-two factorial parallel group randomised trial. Participants (aged 55-80 years) with type 2 diabetes, high glycated haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) concentrations (>7·5%; >58 mmol/mol), and a high risk of cardiovascular events were randomly assigned to receive intensive glycaemic control targeting HbA(1c) to less than 6·0% (42 mmol/mol) or a standard strategy targeting HbA(1c) to 7·0-7·9% (53-63 mmol/mol). Randomisation was via a centralised web-based system and treatment allocation was not masked from clinic staff or participants. We assessed our cognitive primary outcome, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) score, at baseline and at 20 and 40 months. We assessed total brain volume (TBV), our primary brain structure outcome, with MRI at baseline and 40 months in a subset of participants. We included all participants with follow-up data in our primary analyses. In February, 2008, raised mortality risk led to the end of the intensive treatment and transition of those participants to standard treatment. We tested our cognitive function hypotheses with a mixed-effects model that incorporated information from both the 20 and 40 month outcome measures. We tested our MRI hypotheses with an ANCOVA model that included intracranial volume and factors used to stratify randomisation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00182910. FINDINGS: We consecutively enrolled 2977 patients (mean age 62·5 years; SD 5·8) who had been randomly assigned to treatment groups in the ACCORD study. Our primary cognitive analysis was of patients with a 20-month or 40-month DSST score: 1378 assigned to receive intensive treatment and 1416 assigned to receive standard treatment. Of the 614 patients with a baseline MRI, we included 230 assigned to receive intensive treatment and 273 assigned to receive standard treatment in our primary MRI analysis at 40 months. There was no significant treatment difference in mean 40-month DSST score (difference in mean 0·32, 95% CI -0·28 to 0·91; p=0·2997). The intensive-treatment group had a greater mean TBV than the standard-treatment group (4·62, 2·0 to 7·3; p=0·0007). INTERPRETATION: Although significant differences in TBV favoured the intensive treatment, cognitive outcomes were not different. Combined with the non-significant effects on other ACCORD outcomes, and increased mortality in participants in the intensive treatment group, our findings do not support the use of intensive therapy to reduce the adverse effects of diabetes on the brain in patients with similar characteristics to those of our participants. FUNDING: US National Institute on Aging and US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.